1. Memory as Trauma: The novel portrays memory as a complex force that can evoke repressed trauma, illustrating that the act of remembering is often intertwined with pain and suffering. Characters experience memories that rise to the surface, sometimes unexpectedly, reflecting the ongoing effects of their traumatic pasts. 2. Survival Amidst Brutality: The narrative encapsulates the struggle for survival in a brutal environment, where characters confront the realities of violence and repression. The text explores the duality of human experience, showcasing both brutality and tenderness, emphasizing how individuals cope with and endure their harsh realities. 3. Existential Reflection: Through its characters, the novel poses existential questions about human nature and the capacity for cruelty, prompting readers to consider the fragility of dignity and the essence of humanity amidst overwhelming adversity. 4. Collective Memory: By intertwining personal stories with historical context, the novel emphasizes the importance of collective memory and the need to confront the past openly. This focus serves as a means of ensuring that the atrocities are acknowledged and remembered, thereby fostering healing and understanding within society.