1. Trauma and Memory: The novel frequently addresses the repression of trauma and the nature of memory. It depicts how memories can resurface unexpectedly, reflecting the emotional scars left by violence and repression. 2. Violence and Humanity: Han Kang delves into the brutality of state-sanctioned violence, discussing how it impacts both victims and perpetrators. The story examines the dual nature of humanity, showcasing the capacity for brutality amid moments of compassion. 3. Class and Social Justice: The narrative highlights the class struggle, particularly focusing on the working class, including factory workers, and their role in the uprising, thus shedding light on issues of inequality and social justice. 4. Identity and Existence: The novel raises questions about identity, both personal and collective, and how individual lives are affected by historical events. It explores concepts of dignity and the existential dilemmas faced by those who endure violence. 5. Political Oppression: The backdrop of the Gwangju Uprising serves as a stark reminder of political oppression, illustrating how authoritarian regimes suppress dissent and manipulate narratives to maintain control.